A Sikh wedding is full of color, dance, song, and emotion. If you’ve ever had the pleasure to attend this event then you know what I mean. Sikh weddings are based on the Sikh religion which originates from Punjab, India. This event can be broken down into many small events that take place over many days before the wedding. These events include Rokka, Chunni ceremony, Maiya, Sangeet, and Mendhi.
Rokka (pre-engagement)
This is an unofficial engagement ceremony where the couple commits to enter into wedlock and to refuse other proposals of marriage. An Ardaas is said and gifts are exchanged. The groom’s family and friends come to give blessings to the bride-to-be. The origin of this ceremony lies in the arranged marriage norm, where the parents would announce that they are looking for a suitable match for their son or daughter, and once they had found that match, this ceremony would announce their search had come to an end. Though rings are not exchanged, the couple stands unofficially engaged after this ceremony.
Mangni/Shagun (engagement)
Engagement is a significant part of a Sikh wedding. First, the girl is draped with a chunni (stole), which is usually very ornate. In some families, this chunni is a family heirloom, passed down from generation to generation. She is also presented with jewelry, which her mother and sister-in-law help her wear. A tiny dot of henna paste (mehndi) is applied to her palm for good luck, and the function is sealed with the exchange of rings. The bride’s father applies the tikka (forehead mark) to the groom’s forehead and blesses him. The exchange of gifts takes place between the two families. Everyone present congratulates the couple by feeding them, sweets.
Dholki/sangeet
Another Sikh wedding event is the Sangeet. There is a sangeet function hosted by the bride’s family, in which just a few close members of the groom’s family are invited. The bride’s family plays the dholak drums and sing songs in which they tease the groom and his family. Nowadays, people hire DJs and have a dance party, followed by dinner. A ladies’ sangeet/ cocktail is held for the bride and her bridesmaids.
Mehndi
The last major function before a Sikh wedding is decoration with temporary henna (mehndi) tattoos. This is often blended with the sangeet ceremony. Mehndi artists are called to the houses of the boy and girl and apply Mehendi to the palms of the female family members, groom, and the hands and feet of the bride. A basket containing Bindi and bangles is handed around so girls can choose those that match the outfit they plan to wear to the wedding. The Mehendi ceremony takes place in the atmosphere of a party. The bride and other ladies get Mehendi (henna designs) done, on their hands and feet (most ladies get it done only on their hands but the bride gets it done on both hands and feet). For the bride, the mehendi is sent by the future Mother in Law, which is beautifully decorated.
Choora:
On the wedding day the rituals at the girl’s home begin with the Choora ceremony. The oldest maternal uncle and aunt play an important role in the performance of the ceremony. Choora is basically a set of red and cream ivory bangles, gifted by girl’s mama (mother’s brother). The girl does not see the choora until she is ready for the marriage. People touch the choora and give their heartiest wishes to the girl for her future married life. Also, they sprinkle flower petals on the bride. After that, the girl’s uncle, aunt, friends, and cousins tie kaliras (silver, gold, or gold plated traditional ornaments) to a bangle worn by the girl.
Sikh wedding rituals at the brides home
Mayian:
This is the preparation ceremony one day before a Punjabi wedding. This ceremony is an evening festival, at the couple’s parental homes. It consists of many rites, the Batna, Choora, Jaggo fireworks, and sometimes the Ladies Sangeet and Mehndi. The Mayian happens the night before the wedding and is celebrated according to which part of Punjab the participants are from.
Vatna/Haldi:
Four lamps or diyas are lit and the bride sits facing them. Oil is constantly poured into the lamps so that the glow from the diyas is reflected on her face. Vatnainvolves applying a paste made from turmeric powder and mustard oil all over the bride’s body by her female friends and relatives. This is done to make the bride look more beautiful on the most special day of her life. This ritual demands that the bride stays at home in her old clothes for a couple of days before her wedding. The haldi is supposed to bring a glow to the bride’s and groom’s body, especially on their faces. This tradition is also known as Shaint in some cultures. After this ritual, the bride and groom are constrained from meeting each other until the wedding ceremony.
Ghara gharoli:
A decorated pitcher of water (ghadoli) is brought for the bride’s bath by the bride’s bhabi (brother’s wife). In the ghara gharoli ritual, the bride’s sibling or sibling’s spouse visits the nearby temple and fills a pitcher with holy water. The girl is then bathed with this holy water. Thereafter, the bride wears her wedding attire. The ghara gharoli and the vatna ceremonies take place at the groom’s house too. But over there, the groom’s sister-in-law brings the pitcher of water. As per the tradition, their wedding dress is presented to them by their respective maternal uncles.
Jaggo:
In this ceremony, the family dances and sings in a beautifully decorated wedding home. Jaggo is celebrated in the last hours of the night. They decorate copper or brass vessel called khadaa with diveh (clay lamps) and fill them with mustard oil and light them. The bride or bridegroom’s maternal aunt (mami) carries it on her head, and another woman will carry a long stick with bells, shaking it. The women will then go into other friends’ and families’ homes; after being welcomed by sweets and drinks, they dance there and move on. It is a loud ceremony, filled with joy, dancing, fireworks, and food. It is also practiced in Pakistan.
Sikh wedding rituals at the groom’s house:
Sarbala:
A young nephew or cousin dons the same attire as the groom. He is called the sarbala/shabbala (caretaker of the groom) and accompanies him.
Sehra: Like the bride’s home, the Vatna and Ghara Gharoli are followed by the dressing up of the groom in his wedding attire. After the groom has dressed up in his wedding clothes, a puja is performed. Thereafter, the groom’s sister ties the sehra on the groom’s head. After the completion of Sehrabandiceremony, all those who witness the function give gifts and cash to the boy as a token of good luck.
Varna
is a ceremony that is supposed to ward off the evil eye. The groom’s bhabi lines his eyes with surma (kohl).
Ghodi Chadna
is the final ceremony at the groom’s place. The groom’s sisters and cousins feed and adorn his mare. To ward off the evil eye, people use cash and perform the Varna ritual. The cash is then distributed among the poor. After this, the groom climbs the horse and leaves his home for the wedding venue.
Sikh wedding rituals at the marriage venue
Milni
literally means “introductions”. In a Sikh marriage, Ardas is performed by the person in charge of looking after the Sikh scriptures, followed by the formal introductions of senior men in the families. For example, both eldest chachas (father’s younger brother) will come together and exchange garlands of flowers. In the Milni ceremony, the girl’s relatives give shagun (a token of good luck) to the groom’s close relatives in descending order of age. Cash and clothes are gifted.
Jaimala/Varmala:
After Milni, the bride and groom come in the center of the circle where the family is standing, and place a heavily made garland made of flowers- varmala on each other to state, they accept each other and will love and live together with one another. Friends and relatives of the bride and groom indulge in teasing and fun, to celebrate this happy occasion. An auspicious time or muhurat is chosen for the performance of a wedding ceremony.
Kanyadaan and Phere:
The bride’s father puts a ring on the boy’s finger and then he gives his daughter to the boy. This ritual is known as the Kanyadaan. It is after the kanyadaan that the pheras begin. The pheras take place in front of the sacred fire, agni. After this the groom applies Sindoor (vermilion) to the girl’s hair partition and the Mangalsutra Rasam takes place where the groom ties a beaded necklace i.e. a mangalsutra to the girl’s neck. When all these rituals are over, the couple gets up to touch the feet of all the elder members in the family and seek their blessings for a happily married life. In a Hindu Punjabi Wedding, Agni (sacred fire) is usually encircled seven times.
In a Sikh wedding, the bride and groom will walk in tow around the Guru Granth Sahib four times, called laavaan. This signifies they not only accept each other as one soul in two bodies but also as the Guru as the center of their marriage.
Joota chupai literally means ‘hiding the shoes’. The bride’s sisters indulge in the stealing of shoes. It is a fun tradition, in which the girls charge a fee for agreeing to return the shoes. They demand Kalecharis of gold for the bride’s sisters and of silver for her cousins.
Post Sikh wedding rituals
Vidaai/Doli:
Vidaai marks the departure of the bride from her parental house. As a custom, the bride throws phulian or puffed rice over her head. The ritual conveys her good wishes for her parents. A traditionally sad ritual, here the bride says goodbye to her parents, siblings, and rest of her family. Her brothers/male cousins then lead her to her husband, who waits to take her to his family home to begin her new life as a married woman. Her relatives throw coins in the wake of this procession. In keeping with tradition, the mother-in-law will often not come to the Doli and instead make preparations at home to greet the arrival of her son and new wife.
The mother-in-law has a glass of water in her hand, which she circles 3 times around her bahu and then offers it to her to drink, as a symbol of her acceptance and blessing as her newest daughter.
Check out some beautiful Sikh weddings I’ve photographed below.
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